This study examines how Bhutan’s education system integrates the Buddhist concept of the Three Poisons—Greed, Hatred, and Ignorance—within the broader framework of Educating for Gross National Happiness. Using a qualitative research approach, the study involved face-to-face interviews with five curriculum developers (from Dzongkha, English, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies), seven teachers (across different subjects), three school principals, and two key informants. Participants were selected through a purposeful sampling method with “willingness to participate and experience” as the primary criterion. In addition, a detailed review of key policy documents, such as the Bhutan Education Blueprint (2014–2024), the National Education Policy (2022), the National School Curriculum Framework (2021), subject-specific curriculum frameworks and school mission and vision statements, was also conducted. Thematic analysis, guided by Braun and Clarke’s framework, revealed that the Three Poisons are both explicitly and implicitly addressed in school settings. While subjects like Dzongkha, English, and History directly tackle these concepts, they are subtly woven into Mathematics, Science, Geography, and Economics. Participants also described a range of co-curricular activities that cultivate mindfulness, compassion, and critical thinking—qualities that counteract the effects of the Three Poisons. The findings contribute to values-based education discourse, illustrating how Buddhist wisdom enhances modern educational practices. The study shows how Bhutan’s GNH-oriented system fosters ethical awareness, emotional resilience, and holistic development, ultimately redefining the purpose of education to support well-being and national happiness.

Authors:
Karma Phuntsho, University of New Brunswick, Canada

About the Presenter(s)
17 Years of Professional experience in the field of Education as a teacher for English Language and History, and Curriculum/Training Developer for History Education in Bhutan. Presently, a 4th Year Ph.D student at UNB, Fredericton, Canada.

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